Modern world(Development at a faster pace)

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Evolution of Indian cities.



Most of the people in history led a nomadic life—hunting animals and gathering edible plants for food. The first pre-condition for urban development is a favourable ecology climate change at the end of the Ice Age led to the receding of glaciers, people congregated in warm regions with fertile soil. The second precondition for sedentary life is the avail­ability of food at the place of settlement.

To satisfy the pre-conditions of humans some research and technology is must. It was during this period that human beings learnt cultivating crops and hunting animals, new invention take place , people started making new tools and cutting rocks and wood making things from it.



 Ancient Towns:
 There are number of towns in India having historical background spanning over 2000 years. Most of them developed as religious and cultural centres. Varanasi is one of the important towns among these. Prayag (Allahabad), Pataliputra (Patna), Madurai are some other examples of ancient towns in the country.
• Medieval Towns: 
About 100 of the existing towns have their roots in the medieval period. Most of them developed as headquarters of principalities and kingdoms. These are fort towns which came up on the ruins of ancient towns. Important among them are Delhi, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Lucknow, Agra and Nagpur.
• Modern Towns: 
The British and other Europeans have developed a number of towns in India. Starting their foothold on coastal locations, they first developed some trading ports such as Surat, Daman, Goa, Pondicherry, etc. The British later consolidated their hold around three principal nodes – Mumbai (Bombay), Chennai (Madras), and Kolkata (Calcutta) – and built them in the British style. Rapidly extending their domination either directly or through control over the princely states, they established their administrative centres, hill towns as summer resorts, and added new civil administrative and military areas to them. Towns based on modern industries also evolved after 1850. Jamshedpur can be cited as an example.


          After independence, a large number of towns have been developed as administrative headquarters, e.g. Chandigarh, Bhubaneswar, Gandhinagar, Dispur, etc. and industrial centres such as Durgapur, Bhilai, Sindri, Barauni. Some old towns also developed as satellite towns around metropolitan cities such as Ghaziabad, Rohtak, and Gurgaon around Delhi. With increasing investment in rural areas, a large number of medium and small towns have developed all over the country. Hence, changes are never ending process.


In 1933, at the height of the great depression, noted British economist John Maynard Keynes wrote an open letter to the President of the United States, Franklin D Roosevelt, encouraging him to enact what came to be known as the New Deal, where investment in infrastructure became the silver bullet to pull the world out of the great depression.

The Indian Economic Survey 2017-18 estimated that the country will require $4.5 trillion infrastructure investment The Indian Economic Survey 2017-18 estimated that the country will require $4.5 trillion infrastructure investment by 2040. Much of this infrastructure investment will need to be focused on urban India, as by 2030, 40% of the country’s population, or 600 million people, will reside in cities.

Even more importantly, India requires 700 to 900 million square meters of residential and commercial space (equivalent to Chicago) to be built every year from now till 2030 to accommodate this 600 ..
or 600 million people, will reside in cities.

Even more importantly, India requires 700 to 900 million square meters of residential and commercial space (equivalent to Chicago) to be built every year from now till 2030 to accommodate this 600 million i.e. 70% of India of 2030 will be built in the next decade.
Taking cognisance of the growing need and importance of urban development, PM Narendra Modi embarked on the world’s most ambitious planned urbanisation programme.
 In June 2015, he launched three flagship missions, namely, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY), Smart Cities Mission, and Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT).
PMAY (U) is predicated on the vision of providing each Indian a home he/she can call his/her own. To meet this objective, we need to build 1crore dwelling units in urban spaces as had been assessed by the states and UTs. 81 lakh homes have already been sanctioned, 48 lakh grounded for construction, and 26 lakh homes have been completed and handed over

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